{"id":2418,"date":"2022-02-13T12:38:24","date_gmt":"2022-02-13T15:38:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.contramar.org\/?p=2418"},"modified":"2022-10-23T19:42:44","modified_gmt":"2022-10-23T22:42:44","slug":"escribir-como-programar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.contramar.org\/index.php\/2022\/02\/13\/escribir-como-programar\/","title":{"rendered":"Escribir como programar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Por Juanjo Conti<\/p>

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Programs must be written for people to read,<\/i><\/p>

and only incidentally for machines to execute.<\/i><\/p>

Harold Abelson<\/p>

Desde que empec\u00e9 a escribir textos (de ficci\u00f3n o no ficci\u00f3n), lo hago como si estuviera escribiendo un programa de computadoras. \u00bfQu\u00e9 significa esto? Voy a intentar explicarlo.<\/p>

La forma en la que escribo programas (o funciones, o tareas, o features, o subsistemas) suele ser siempre la misma: ensayo una primera versi\u00f3n, preliminar, que no hace todo lo que va a hacer la versi\u00f3n final, pero que va de inicio a fin o al menos de un inicio a un final, y desde ah\u00ed avanzo. Veamos un ejemplo. Si la descripci\u00f3n del trabajo por realizar es \u201cagregar un nuevo comando que liste los usuarios en la base de datos\u201d, yo escribo la m\u00ednima cantidad de c\u00f3digo necesario para que luego de mi intervenci\u00f3n, en el sistema haya un nuevo comando y cuando este se ejecute muestre algo en pantalla. Esa es mi versi\u00f3n 0.1. Despu\u00e9s me preocupar\u00e9 por refinarla, es decir, por conectarme a la base de datos, por obtener la lista de usuarios y por mostrarlos con el formato requerido.<\/p>

La metodolog\u00eda descripta podr\u00eda denominarse \u201cprototipado evolutivo\u201d: se escribe un primer prototipo para la soluci\u00f3n y este evoluciona en las distintas iteraciones. Cada iteraci\u00f3n puede, por ejemplo, terminar en una reuni\u00f3n con el cliente para mostrarle el estado actual y, a partir de su feedback, ajustar, corregir y mejorar el programa. Tambi\u00e9n podr\u00eda decirse que es un desarrollo de tipo top-down, en el que se hace un dise\u00f1o general y luego se van completando los detalles de implementaci\u00f3n. En contraposici\u00f3n con el denominado bottom-up, en el que primero se implementan los elementos fundamentales y a continuaci\u00f3n se construye \u201chacia arriba\u201d.<\/p>

Cuando escribo textos de ficci\u00f3n o art\u00edculos como este, intento aplicar el mismo procedimiento. El primer paso es conseguir una versi\u00f3n no acabada<\/i>, pero s\u00ed completa<\/i>: llegar a la \u00faltima oraci\u00f3n. M\u00e1s tarde empieza el refinamiento. Tomo estos dos adjetivos del pr\u00f3logo a Los sinsabores del verdadero polic\u00eda<\/i> del cr\u00edtico Juan Antonio Masoliver R\u00f3denas en el que se\u00f1ala que, como 2666<\/i>, esta es \u201cuna novela inacabada, pero no una novela incompleta\u201d.<\/p>

En un programa, cada ejecuci\u00f3n permite potencialmente encontrar bugs (errores). \u00bfCu\u00e1l es el equivalente literario a la ejecuci\u00f3n de un programa? Su lectura. Cada vez que alguien (el autor u otra persona) lee el texto puede encontrar errores: comas mal puestas, ripios (descubrirlos requiere la lectura en voz alta), palabras mal escritas, palabras mal usadas, oraciones muy largas (otra vez, para esto la lectura en voz alta es fundamental), verbos mal conjugados o, los m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles de detectar, incongruencias. Estos \u00faltimos son los que en ingenier\u00eda de software se denominan \u201cerrores de la l\u00f3gica del negocio\u201d; no es que la aplicaci\u00f3n explote cuando el usuario realiza determinada acci\u00f3n, sino que se comporta de forma inesperada. Por ejemplo, dos usuarios realizan transferencias bancarias en forma simult\u00e1nea a una misma cuenta destino y solo una de las transferencias es contabilizada. El ejemplo literario ser\u00eda que un personaje deja un arma en su casa y luego la usa en la calle para matar a alguien. Ambos ejemplos son exagerados a prop\u00f3sito.<\/p>

Si una forma de encontrar errores en un programa es ejecut\u00e1ndolo, podemos decir que, estad\u00edsticamente, mientras m\u00e1s veces se lo ejecute, m\u00e1s errores se encontrar\u00e1n. \u00bfC\u00f3mo logramos, entonces, tener m\u00e1s ejecuciones? En el mundo del open source, el modelo de desarrollo tipo \u201cbazar\u201d (impuesto por Linus Torvalds, creador del kernel Linux), en el que hay muchas personas que colaboran en un entorno abierto, signific\u00f3 un avance respecto a la metodolog\u00eda \u201ccatedral\u201d, en la que un grupo de iluminados se encerraba a trabajar hasta que ten\u00eda el producto acabado. La filosof\u00eda del bazar pregona \u201crelease early, release often\u201d<\/i>, es decir, liberar versiones temprano y hacerlo a menudo. Esto permite que los errores se encuentren antes, el ciclo de desarrollo se retroalimente y las fallas puedan ser arregladas con rapidez.<\/p>

\u00bfCu\u00e1l es la versi\u00f3n en la escritura de la pr\u00e1ctica anterior? Subir textos a internet para que otros los comenten, compartir el documento fuente en un formato que facilite las sugerencias, publicar en la prensa textos que despu\u00e9s terminar\u00e1n en un libro. Las tres formas mencionadas tienen distinto grado de apertura, por lo general, inversamente proporcional a la retroalimentaci\u00f3n que se recibir\u00e1.<\/p>

\u00bfPodemos encontrar m\u00e1s puntos de contacto entre programaci\u00f3n y escritura? Estoy seguro de que s\u00ed (la definici\u00f3n de variables tradicionalmente al principio de un bloque de c\u00f3digo se asemeja a las pistas que debe sembrar un escritor de policiales; las tramas de las novelas pueden representarse con diagramas de flujos igual que como se hace con los algoritmos; las referencias a nombres no definidos pueden interrumpir tanto una lectura como una compilaci\u00f3n), pero ya que una de las m\u00e1ximas de la ingenier\u00eda de software dice que un programa nunca se termina de escribir y una de las de la escritura es que el ensayo se puede terminar en cualquier momento, pongo punto final y subo este texto a internet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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M\u00fasicas para maridar letras<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The model<\/strong> – Kraftwaerk<\/span><\/p>

A\u00f1o: 1978
Compositores: Ralf H\u00fctter, Karl Bartos, Emil Schult
Sello : EMI Kling Klang<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Por Juanjo Conti Programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute. Harold Abelson Desde que empec\u00e9 a escribir textos (de ficci\u00f3n o no ficci\u00f3n), lo hago como si estuviera escribiendo un programa de computadoras. \u00bfQu\u00e9 significa esto? Voy a intentar explicarlo. La forma en la que escribo programas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","_joinchat":[],"ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[75,74],"class_list":["post-2418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vapores","tag-escritura","tag-programacion","entry","has-media","owp-thumbs-layout-horizontal","owp-btn-normal","owp-tabs-layout-horizontal","has-no-thumbnails"],"yoast_head":"\nEscribir como programar |<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Por Juanjo ContiPrograms must be written for people to read,and only incidentally for machines to execute.Harold AbelsonDesde que empec\u00e9 a escribir textos\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.contramar.org\/index.php\/2022\/02\/13\/escribir-como-programar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Escribir como programar |\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Por Juanjo ContiPrograms must be written for people to read,and only incidentally for machines to execute.Harold AbelsonDesde que empec\u00e9 a escribir textos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.contramar.org\/index.php\/2022\/02\/13\/escribir-como-programar\/\" \/>\n<meta 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